Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:5078619. Epub 2015 Nov 16.

Bone Marrow-Derived Cells as a Therapeutic Approach to Optic Nerve Diseases.

Mesentier-Louro LA¹, Zaverucha-do-Valle C², Rosado-de-Castro PH³, Silva-Junior AJ¹, Pimentel-Coelho PM¹, Mendez-Otero R¹, Santiago MF¹.

Abstract

Following optic nerve injury associated with acute or progressive diseases, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of adult mammals degenerate and undergo apoptosis. These diseases have limited therapeutic options, due to the low inherent capacity of RGCs to regenerate and due to the inhibitory milieu of the central nervous system. Among the numerous treatment approaches investigated to stimulate neuronal survival and axonal extension, cell transplantation emerges as a promising option. This review focuses on cell therapies with bone marrow mononuclear cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, which have shown positive therapeutic effects in animal models of optic neuropathies. Different aspects of available preclinical studies are analyzed, including cell distribution, potential doses, routes of administration, and mechanisms of action. Finally, published and ongoing clinical trials are summarized.